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Clyde Wilson Summers (November 21, 1918 – October 30, 2010) was an American lawyer and educator who is best known for his work in advocating more democratic procedures in labor unions. He helped write the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 (also known as the Landrum-Griffin Act)〔(Greenhouse, Steven. "Clyde Summers, Advocate of Labor Union Democracy, Is Dead at 91." ''New York Times.'' November 11, 2010. )〕 and was highly influential in the field of labor law, authoring more than 150 publications on the issue of union democracy alone.〔Shearer, ''Home Front Heroes,'' 2007, p. 790.〕 He was considered the nation's leading expert on union democracy.〔Jacobs, ''Mobsters, Unions, and Feds: The Mafia and the American Labor Movement,'' 2006, p. xxv.〕 "What Louis Brandeis was to the field of privacy law, Clyde Summers is to the field of union democracy," wrote Widener University School of Law professor Michael J. Goldberg in the summer of 2010. "Summers, like Brandeis, provided the theoretical foundation for an important new field of law."〔Goldberg, "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law," ''Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal,'' 2010, p. 121.〕 ==Career== Summers was born in Grass Range, Montana, on November 21, 1918.〔Joseph, ''Black Mondays: Worst Decisions of the Supreme Court,'' 1987, p. 47.〕 His parents were farmers, and the Summers family moved to Colorado; South Dakota; and Tecumseh, Nebraska, before settling in Winchester, Illinois, in 1929.〔〔 His mother died that same year.〔 Summers attended high school in Winchester, and entered the University of Illinois at the age of 16.〔 He earned a Bachelor of Science in accounting in 1939 and a J.D. (cum laude) in 1942, both from Illinois.〔〔 While an undergraduate and law student, Summers became active in the Methodist Student Movement and became a believer in the social gospel.〔Goldberg, "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law," ''Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal,'' 2010, p. 122.〕 Summers' brother had enlisted in the United States Army at the beginning of World War II.〔 But Summers, opposed to the use of force, declared himself a conscientious objector.〔 The Illinois State Bar Association admitted he was of high moral character and exhibited excellent knowledge of the law, but denied him admission in 1942 due to his conscientious objector status.〔Konvitz, ''Fundamental Liberties of a Free People: Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly,'' 2003, p. 224-225.〕 In a highly controversial but important decision, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the denial of admission to the bar in ''In re Summers'', 325 U.S. 561 (1945).〔〔Wicek, ''History of the Supreme Court of the United States...,'' 2006, p. 301-302; Kramer, ''The Price of Rights: The Courts, the Welfare State, and Civil Liberties,'' 2003, p. 125-127.〕 Summers later was admitted to the New York State Bar Association.〔Walker, ''In Defense of American Liberties: A History of the ACLU,'' 1999, p. 153.〕 He taught law at the University of Toledo from 1942 to 1945.〔Smith, "Panel Discussion: The National Labor Relations Act and Collective Bargaining," in ''Collective Bargaining and the Law,'' 1986, p. 39.〕 In the summer of 1945, although a law professor and no longer a student, he participated in the Chicago YMCA's "Students in Industry," joined union strike picket lines, and protested discrimination against African Americans at local restaurants.〔Goldberg, "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law," ''Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal,'' 2010, p. 123.〕 While teaching at Toledo, he met and married Evelyn Wahlgren, a music teacher.〔 They had two sons and two daughters.〔 Summers earned a Master of Laws in 1946 and a Doctor of Science in law in 1952, both from Columbia University.〔〔 He taught law at the University of Buffalo from 1949 to 1956.〔 While at Buffalo, Summers was also employed by the United Auto Workers and United Steelworkers to teach labor law to union members, and represented union members in arbitration hearings.〔Goldberg, "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law," ''Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal,'' 2010, p. 135.〕 In the summer of 1949, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) asked Summers to update the organization's 1943 report, ''Democracy in Trade Unions''. The updated report was published in June 1952.〔 He taught law at Yale Law School from 1956 to 1975,〔〔 but left after he felt marginalized by the faculty there.〔Kalman, ''Yale Law School and the Sixties: Revolt and Reverberations,'' 2005, p. 128.〕 He joined the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1975, where he was Jefferson B. Fordham Professor of Law.〔〔 He retired in 2005 at the age of 87.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Clyde Summers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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